A 4 page research paper that offers a brief overall discussion of group counseling. The advantages of group counseling over individual therapy are discussed, as well as delineating various types and approaches to group counseling. Bibliography lists 2 sources.

5 pages in length. The extent to which Lawson et al (1984) provide a thorough and comprehensive insight to the issue of chemical dependency counseling is both grand and far-reaching. "Essentials of Chemical Dependency" explores every possible nuance of successful intervention, as well as furnishes in-depth explication of the multiple elements associated with the overall counseling process, such as understanding the difference between gender and chemical dependency, different counseling approaches, cultural implications of chemical dependency, as well as an entire chapter dedicated to the ethics of counseling. No additional sources cited.

A 7 page paper that addresses the issue of confidentiality when licensed professional counselors are counseling minors. There is a dearth of literature that deals with the topic of confidentiality when counseling minors outside of the school setting. Neither the Code of Ethics for the American Psychological Association nor the Code of Ethics for the American Counseling Association address this issue specifically. What little literature that could be found is discussed in this essay. The writer comments on the APA and ACA Code of Ethics. The issue of privilege is discussed. Bibliography lists 4 sources.

This is a 5 page paper reviewing Steptoe et al (2003) trial “Behavioral Counseling to Increase Consumption of Fruit and Vegetables in Low Income Adults”. Investigators Steptoe et al (2003) conducted a randomized trial to study the effect behavioral counseling had in regards to increasing the consumption of fruit and vegetables in low income adults. The investigators were successful in outlining their assumptions for the study, participants, methods, assessment and measurements, results and conclusion in addition to including the limitations of their study. Using 271 participants aged 18-70 years old from a deprived ethnically mixed inner city area, the investigators conducted brief individual behavioral counseling sessions with groups based on the stage of change model as opposed to time matched nutrition education counseling. Assessment of self reported number of portions of fruit and vegetables as well as plasma carotene, tocopherol, ascorbic acid concentrations and urinary potassium excretion levels were taken at baseline, eight weeks and 12 months after the counseling sessions. Overall, it was found that consumption of fruit and vegetables increased in the behavioral (by 1.5 portions) and nutrition (by 0.9 portions) groups as well as an increase in the plasma carotene and tocopherol concentrations but the carotene levels were has a significantly higher increase in the behavioral group. The percentage of persons eating five or more portions per day increased by 42% in the behavioral group and 27% in the nutrition group. The investigators were able to surmise from these results that “brief individual counseling in primary care can elicit sustained increases in consumption of fruit and vegetables in low income adults in the general population” (Steptoe et al, 2003, p. 855). Bibliography lists 1 source.

A 6 page overview of the differences that exist between the Codes of Ethics for the American Counseling Association (ACA), the American Association of Christian Counseling (AACC), and the American Association of Pastoral Counselors(AAPC) in regard to the guidance they provide to Sexual Intimacies, Conflict of Interest (Dual Roles) and Relationship to Society. The author presents the hypothesis that these differences exist because each organization in question deals more with a particular client base and environment, a fact that introduces concerns that differ somewhat from the client bases and environments found in other organizations. Bibliography lists 4 sources.