This 12-page paper examines the concept of incarceration, what it is used for, the history and its effectiveness. Also discussed in this paper are alternatives to incarceration. Bibliography lists 7 sources.

A 4 page research paper that examines the issues surrounding alternatives to animal testing. Examination of why researchers should consider alternatives to animal testing in laboratories show that the arguments against this practice are persuasive and backed up with empirical research. These arguments state that (1) animal testing is often simply an entrenched procedure, which is continued due to tradition and law, rather than its efficacy; (2) successful alternative methods for testing have been discovered, which makes it logical to assume that further alternatives could be formulated; (3) animal testing is expensive as compared to alternative methods; (4) alternative methods are produce faster results, and (5) animal testing is cruel and, therefore, immoral. Bibliography lists 7 sources.

8 pages in length. Re-training juvenile criminals to become positive, contributing members of society has always proven to be a challenge for officials in charge of rehabilitation. Myriad programs have been implemented throughout history to achieve this goal but according to those in the field, none have proven as effective as the boot camp and shock incarceration programs currently in use by a number of juvenile criminal justice systems. The writer discusses how boot camps and shock incarceration programs attempt to put the missing elements of a stable and productive person back into maladjusted youths. Bibliography lists 6 sources.

A 9 page paper based on a case study provided by the student. The headings include: principal facts of the case, ethical issues, primary stakeholders, possible alternatives, evaluation of each alternative according to utilitarian, justice/fairness and right/duty perspectives, constraints, implementation of selected alternative. Case has to do with Phillip Morris expanding its cigarette market to Third World and East European countries. Bibliography lists 1 source.

A 14 page paper discussing sustainability as a consideration in the search for alternative sources of energy. Outcome is primary in terms of its influence on sustainability. Current and future developers of alternative energy sources need to give greater attention to the issue: "Will our grandchildren be able to continue this practice?" Developers must address the issue of the "triple bottom line," arriving at alternatives compatible with each of the three branches. Bibliography lists 10 sources in 17 footnotes.